baal worship practices in the bible

They set up for themselves sacred pillars and wooden images on every high hill and under every green tree; and there they burned incense on all the high places, as the nations had done whom the LORD had carried away before them." Virtually all reference to Baal's consort, the violent "Virgin Anath" with whom Baal copulates by the thousand in one of the Ugaritic mythological fragments has been excluded from the Bible, but the goddesses Ashtart (Judg. They used the name of God frequently, saying they trusted Him, but they filled the nation with stealing, lying, and murder. The association of the name Baal-Zephon with Israel's exit from Egypt (Ex. Notably, an impressed handle found near a Canaanite grave at the site depicts Sidons storm god and a ship. However, God still holds them responsible because the truth is available. And of all the foreign gods the Israelites came into contact with, they appeared to struggle the most with worshipping this one. The Hebrew scriptures speak frequently of the Baal of a given place or refers to Baalim in the plural, suggesting the evidence of local deities, or lords, of various locales. The prophet Amos particularizes the epidemic of social injustice in the Kingdom of Israel. Looking at these two definitions we can say . People like to feel comfortable. made for themselves a molded image and two calves, made a wooden image and worshipped all the host of heaven, and served Baal" (verses 15-16). The word bel can be transformed into vel or val. Can we stop with the Yahweh pronunciation once and for all? Most of them were just saving themselves and making themselves comfortable in their situation. They were Phoenicians. Immorality lies in the desire of men to live self-centered lives independent of God, as when Adam and Eve took of the forbidden tree (Genesis 3:1-19). None of the foolish practices of the heathen could bring the rains; only YHWH could and did (Jer. Perhaps the clearest example of this is Jeremiah, who moaned and complained to God, "This is more difficult than You ever told me it would be. In contrast, the church has had periods of strength and weakness all throughout its historyit goes through cycles of rallying around truth and then gradually letting it slip. Their spiritual lethargy for the true God made them uncommitted. Recall the mention in Hosea 10:1 of increasing and embellishing altars just before Israel fell to Assyria. With the help of the sun-goddess Shapsh, Anath locates the dead Baal, carries him to the height of apn, and weeping buries him with funerary sacrifices. The worship of Baal was popular in Egypt from the later New Kingdom in about 1400 bce to its end (1075 bce). Elijah's work was to reveal the true God to Israel in a time of growing national crisis. Certainly not those of east Asia. Theoretically, the Israelites did not believe in idols, but in reality, they did. In the formative stages of Israels history, the presence of Baal names did not necessarily mean apostasy or even syncretism. Depending on the tradition, she was either Baal's mother, lover, or both. A complex religion with traditions and gods from all over the ancient Middle East, Baal worship offered something for everyone. The king of Assyria took Samaria and carried Israel away to Assyria, and placed them in Halah and by the Habor, the River of Gozan, and in the cities of the Medes. For Constantine, the acceptance of Christianity was done solely TO UNIFY TERRITORY, RELIGIONS, AND POLITICAL MOVEMENTS. In the mysterious tablets of Ugarit, discovered by Claude Schaeffer, Baal is the God of rain, thunder, and extraordinary bolts of lightning. Despite Gods efforts to dissuade them, the Israelites engaged with the Canaanite culture a little too much and adopted their practices, including Baal worship. What the Bible says about Baal Worship ( From Forerunner Commentary ) 1 Kings 12:26-33 The religion of Israel began with a man, Jeroboam I, who changed the true worship of God. Does that way of life conform to the God of the Bible, or does it spring from the mind of men? California - Do Not Sell My Personal Information. They were primarily devoted to the worship of Baal and Asherah (or Asherim, Asheroth). This chapter reports on the behavior of the people placed in Israel after Israel's conquest and deportation by Assyria between 722-720 BC. The Canaanites often worshipped her via trees (Asherah poles) because of her association with the tree of life. BAAL WORSHIP AND SEMITIC RACISM This term was used as a title and name of various local deities worshipped as guardians, heroes, and kings. But not all years are good, and in a bad year, or a series of bad years, when the rains fail, the skies become like iron, the land like brass, and man's toil is futile for the earth will not yield its increase (Lev. Photo: Courtesy of Claude Doumet-Serhal. Did the Ancient Israelites Think Children Were People. How many pagan ideas have we let seep in? Once Elijah began preaching, their conscience pricked them, and it encouraged them to worship the true God. He wanted people to like him, which is understandable. This god also, apparently according to Canaanite lore, defeated El and had associations with the sun and thunder. Elijah is quite instructive here. It is urgent that we understand what is involved here because it reveals the cause of God's anger that led to Israel's defeat and scattering. (II Kings 17:35-38). El and Anath mourn violently, mutilating their faces and bodies. The name Baal in the Bible is most commonly associated with the Canaanite and Phoenician god of fertility, the rain, the sun, and the storm. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. Near Baals temple was that of Dagon, given in the tablets as Baals father. Asherah, mother of the gods, was prevailed upon to intercede with El to gain permission for the building. The Israelites fell into the worship of this idol(Numbers 25:3,5,18; Deuteronomy 4:3; Psalm 106:28; Hosea 9:10). They were afraid of God, but they did not really change their way of life. A frequent epithet is "Cloud Rider" (rkb rpt) which has an almost identical parallel in Psalms 68:5. Gen. 41; II Sam. For example, Christmas and Easter are traditions of men, but they are lies. Prepare to Meet Your God! Jehu's massacre of the Baal worshipers (II Kings 10:1828) did not eradicate bull worship (II Kings 10:31). When Elijah preached his message, it put the people in a bind because they knew their conscience was telling them that they had to commit themselves to God or to Baal. Download our mobile app for on-the-go access to the Jewish Virtual Library, Encyclopaedia Judaica, 1998 - 2023 American-Israeli Cooperative Enterprise. Whether it turns out to be the falling away remains to be seen. See what over 150,000 subscribers are already receiving each day. Paul, in: Biblica, 49 (1968), 3436; U. Oldenburg, The Conflict Between El and Bal in Canaanite Religion (1969). Knowledge of Baals personality and functions derives chiefly from a number of tablets uncovered from 1929 onward at Ugarit (modern Ras Shamra), in northern Syria, and dating to the middle of the 2nd millennium bce. 1:4; Hab. Child sacrifice was even practiced in the Valley of Hinnom just outside of Jerusalem. 4:12; Hos. At the foundation of every community is a way of life that its people live and teach their children. Baal's 450 prophets worked themselves into a frenzy, cutting themselves, dancing, and chanting to their god. The Canaanites worshiped Baal as the sun god and as the storm godhe is usually depicted holding a lightning boltwho defeated enemies and produced crops. "They built for themselves high places in all their cities . The word bal, common Semitic for "owner, master, husband," became the usual designation of the great weather-god of the Western Semites. Check out her books at hopebolinger.comfor clean books in most genres, great for adults and kids. But Baal was not exclusively a fertility god. For one to keep on coming to services and leaving, like a theatergoer, without his options, opinions, or decisions resolved but deferred, is an erosion of character. With Baal's functions accredited to YHWH, it was natural and fitting that some of Baal's titles would also be taken over. The cosmic character of afon leads to its use as a synonym for "sky" in Job 26:7: "who stretched out afon on emptiness who suspended earth on naught." The Septuagint (LXX) referred to the latter as a stranger [in the land]. "like a bird in a tree. One was 260 days and was used for . Horrendous and repulsive aspects of the worship sexual excesses and perversions (Isa. In Tamil Nadu, the following words payachi paarai, Peyazhwar, payans, pai (meaning devil) are currently in use. God's first command to destroy any forms of idol worship came early in the Bible in Exodus 34:13. . Isa. Baal (/ b e. guilty of adopting the ghastly Canaanite practice of child sacrifice. Baal rejoiced and celebrated with a banquet. But what was its real effect on the participants and the nation? The god Baal was the heathen sun-god spoken of in the Old Testament. Matthew 5:17Do not think that I came to abolish the Law or the Prophets; I did not come to abolish but to fulfill. Today Baal churches preach and teach Baal doctrines; prosperity, harvest, sex and fertility. Notice the dramatic change of attitude in the people. In Psalms 48:23, Mount Zion is equated with "the recesses of afon" (the phrase quoted above from Isa. A third is that he is describing somebody teetering on a tightrope and trying to maintain his balance. The myths also tell of Baals struggle to obtain a palace comparable in grandeur to those of other gods. In Ugaritic and Hebrew, Baals epithet as the storm god was He Who Rides on the Clouds. But when heat is applied, and the blood begins rushing into the affected areas, pain immediately occurs. What do we know about the religion surrounding this Canaanite deity, and how did it affect those in the Old Testament? The Spread of Baalism. Since Baal was, like almost all ancient deities, a fertility god, the human act of intercourse demonstrated that they wanted Baal to prosper them. Indeed, religion flourished, as Amos, Hosea's contemporary, clearly reports (see Amos 5:21-27). What Is the Meaning of Psalm 91 and Why Is it Popular? Since the Ugaritic verified the antiquity and authenticity of this divine name, additional instances have been alleged in the Psalter and in Job. Evil practices never go away. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Ashtoreth is mentioned three times in scripture, in 1 Kings 11:5 & 33, 2 Kings 23:13. They clash violently until both are prostrate and the Sungoddess warns Mot not to fight with Baal lest El hear and overthrow him. Consequently, during this tumultuous time, most Jews kept their faith and identity outwardly but bowed to Baal when necessary to appease Jezebel as well as mainstream culture. While it is acceptable to say that it was in what is now Jordan, to point to a particular cave and say, This is it. is ridiculous. Psalm 68 may have been written, in part, as a polemic against Baal worship wherein it is indicated in verse 4 that YHWH is the one who rides the clouds. Baal was a fertility and earth god of the ancient cultures and was later exported to Egypt where he was worshipped as the storm god. The ancient Tamils had connections with the Syrians and Sidon. The god of arts and crafts, Kothar, then proceeded to build for Baal the most beautiful of palaces which spread over an area of 10,000 acres. Will you steal, murder, commit adultery, swear falsely, make offerings to Baal, and go after other gods that you have not known, and then come and stand before me in this house, which is called by my name, and say, We are delivered!only to go on doing all these abominations? Prophets and Prophecy (Part 1). 11:17; I Kings 8:3536; Jer. So-called from Mount Peor, where this worship was celebrated, the Baal of Peor. In this regard, Elijah was a type of John the Baptist, and Elisha, a type of Christ. Archeological excavations have dated information about Baal back as far as the second millennium BC, and the spread of Baal worship caught fire in Egypt in 1400 BC. A DSS fragment has it spelled Iaw in Greek (iota-alpha-omega), which is consistent with Yahoah; see ccat.sas.upenn.edu/rs/rak/lxxjewpap/4QLevB.jpg. The sum of what Elijah said is actually spiritually dangerous, due to the fact that God is judging. Some scholars believe that the Canaanites also sacrificed pigs and that God prohibited his people from eating pork in part to prevent this horrible cult from being established among them. By submitting above, you agree to our privacy policy. God's pattern is being established. A large part of this world's appeal is its offer of financial security. The Semitic word Baal means lord or master, and the ancient people believed he was in charge of all of nature and humans. Archaeologists at Sidon have uncovered a 12th11th-century B.C.E. Asherah was a fertility goddess. BAAL-WORSHIP AMONG THE GENTILES.The evidence is hardly of such weight as to justify us in speaking of a worship of Baal. A vivid description of theophany in a thunderstorm is found in Psalms 18:715 (= II Sam. 13:2) such as Baal himself performed in the Ugaritic myth are depicted in the prophetic tirades. The first mention of Molech is in Leviticus 18:21 in which the . Alan, how said anything about John baptizing Jesus? Thus the basis of the Baal cult was the utter dependence of life on the rains which were regarded as Baal's bounty. All through the Old Testament, the people of Israel fell into Baal and Asherah worship, and it is no different for us today. Burning incense, worship of the sun, moon, astrology, and ancestor worship are all earmarks of the Baal religion. Besides the names Baal and Haddu, the Ugaritic texts furnish a variety of other titles, such as "Mighty Baal" (aliyn bl) and "Prince, Lord of Earth" (zbl bl ars). Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. In Phoenician he was called Baal Shamen, Lord of the Heavens. Through the influence of the Aramaeans, who borrowed the Babylonian pronunciation Bel, the god ultimately became known as the Greek Belos, identified with Zeus. I appreciate your consideration, and Im sure the Most High does as well! Baal was the god of agriculture and fertility in Canaan, becoming a fallen angel and a demon. He did not like the position God put him in. For seven days a fire burned inside the building, and when it subsided, the house was plated with gold, silver, and lapis lazuli. It has been suggested that this clash was indirectly a conflict between Baal and El, with Yamm serving as champion for the venerable El, as the Titans fought on behalf of Kronos in the Greek version of the myth and the stone colossus Ulikummi for Kumarbi in the Hurrian-Hittite version which is roughly contemporary with the Ugaritic texts. The Laodicean evaluates himself, saying, "I am rich, have become wealthy, and have need of nothing" (Revelation 3:17). Dated to c. 1750 B.C.E. Behold, you trust in deceptive words to no avail. The Israelites rejected the law of God and relied on the traditions of Gentile nations. The combined letters o and e is joined to pronounce the sound ye. "Whatever is not of faith is sin" (Romans 14:23). Only the individual could decide which side he would be on, because Elijah made it clear, "God does not want you the way you are. Asherah (Hebrew ), also spelled Ashera, was a major northwest Semitic mother goddess, appearing also in Akkadian sources as Ashratu, in Hittite as Asherdu and in Ugaritic as Athirat.She was the consort of the chief deity El and the mother of 70 other gods.. Their commitment went one way, and then it went the other way. Baal and Asherah were two giant stumbling blocks for the people of Israel. Baal's objection to the window somehow concerned his three daughters and the sea-god (Yamm), but the text is broken at this point. In the Bible, Baal (also rendered Baal) was an important Canaanite god, often portrayed as the primary enemy of the Hebrew God Yahweh. Adad (the Canaanite Hadad, the Semitic Hadda, the Hurrian Teshub, the Egyptian Resheph, the Phoenician Baal/Bel, the Sumerian Ishkur) is the Mesopotamian storm god, who has special maritime, celestial and meteorological attributes important to the well-being of sailors. In the Bible, Baal is spoken of in a negative light, as an idol and a false god, and is associated with idolatry and paganism. Thus they provoked him to anger with their inventions: And the plague brake in upon them. The latest archaeological discoveries shed light on Biblical Sidon and provide a window into the Sidonians polytheistic religion and worship practices during the Bronze and Iron Ages. Hope Bolingeris an acquisitions editor at End Game Press, and the author 21+ books. Dated to c. 1750 B.C.E., the handle pictures the storm god as a leonine dragon. Rejection of God's Law. One would think that, if altars increase during this period of prosperity, then religion is flourishing. We must understand that our god is not what we say we worship but what we serve. He replaced the Levitical priesthood with men of his own choosing. 28:2); Hezekiah attempted to eliminate it; Manasseh his son again gave it royal support (II Kings 21:3); and Josiah in his turn purged the Temple of YHWH of the utensils made for Baal and Asherah (II Kings 23:4). He established a feast in the eighth month to replace the true Feast of Tabernacles in the seventh. The proposition for the concept is as follows: The Latins called the Phoenicians as Poeni. Ashtoreth was the fertility goddess consort of Molech. Jer 32:29. Silapadikaram, a Tamil Classic, mentions more than 200 musical instruments. What the Bible says about When we see that our thoughts and ways are not His, we should reform and repent. Sidons Phoenician Temple. And if the blind leads the blind, both will fall into a ditch" (Matthew 15:14). Groves and high places were places of worship erected to Canaanite gods and goddesses. The songs of His Temple would ordinarily be happy and joyous songs of praise to God, but He will turn the songs of their templesung to Baal in the name of the Lordto wailing, for the numbers of the dead will be unimaginable. Portions of ancient Baal liturgy were adapted to the praise of Israel's God, as the Ugaritic poems have shown. This life-and-death struggle pitted the worship of Baal against the worship of Jehovah. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. There was tremendous evil to overcome. FREE ebook: Israel: An Archaeological Journey. They also worshiped him as a fertility god who provided children. What Tamils are you speaking of? There are several ideas as to exactly what Elijah meant by "How long will you falter between two opinions?" The Name] instead of prouncing the YHWH word even though the Masoretes added the sheva below the Y and the Qamats below the W. Let's exemplify Baal doctrines as preached . Canaanite Religions and Baal Worship by Dr. Ralph F. Wilson Audio (12:51) Free E-mail Bible Study Grace: Favor for the Undeserving. In correlating the sequence of events, Baal's victory over the sea-god, Yamm, is probably to be placed near the beginning of the action, since it was presumably this exploit which gained him the dominant position among the gods, just as *Marduk achieved preeminence by defeating the sea-monster Tiamat. 8. Canaanite worship often took place in open-air sites at the tops of hills, referred to in the Bible as "high places." . The Baal-worship so often alluded to and described in Holy Writ might, perhaps, be better styled Cid-worship, moon-worship, Melek ()-worship, or Hadad-worship, according to places and circumstances.Many of the practices mentioned were most probably common to the worship . Charles Whitaker The above comment is by Prof. Abraham Joseph, M.Sc., M.Phil. How Is Harry Potter a Literary Christ Figure? One idea is that he means, "How long are you going to hop from branch to branch? Then stood up Phinehas, and exe Then they linked up with Baal Peor, attending funeral banquets and eating idol food. Most often, it condemns Baal worship. In the Ugaritic mythological texts Balu (bl) is the name of the god which is used more than twice as often as his next most frequent name, Haddu (hd). l /), or Baal (Hebrew: baal), was a title and honorific meaning 'owner', 'lord' in the Northwest Semitic languages spoken in the Levant during antiquity.From its use among people, it came to be applied to gods. that the southern kingdom of Judah ever had .just like her momma. Photo: Courtesy of Claude Doumet-Serhal. In Psalms 89:13 afon and yamin, in parellelism with Tabor and Hermon, hardly designate the directions north and south; yamin is almost certainly a corruption of Amana, the southern portion of the Taurus mountains, the alteration of amanah to yamin being occasioned by the misunderstanding of afon as the direction rather than the name of the holy mountain. A complaint is made to Bull El, father of the gods, that Baal has no house like other gods. That there were minor Baalim also at Ugarit is indicated by a god list in Akkadian (see Ugaritica, 5, p. 44 ll. But who is Baal? In those God calls outthose who, by faith, will voluntarily yield to HimHe is building character based on outgoing love. Even those who have vaguely heard of the name Baal in the Bible know it doesnt have a good connotation. Verse 15 points out that the people "rejected [God's] statutes and His covenant that He had made with their fathers, and His testimonies which He had testified against them." It was this Israelite worship of Baal which was challenged by the Hebrew prophet Elijah in his famous conflict with the prophets of Baal on Mount Carmel in I Kings 18, when he challenged the. For instance, Amos 2:7 describes a deliberate act of ritual prostitution in a pagan temple: "A man and his father go in to the same girl, to defile My holy name." 30 Verses to Reflect on in the Book of Hebrews. For those early Hebrews, Baal designated the Lord of Israel, just as Baal farther north designated the Lord of Lebanon or of Ugarit. Avot 5:11 on the connection between tithing and rain). The worship of Moloch, which was practiced at a special site (outside the walls of Jerusalem in the valley of Ben-Hinnom) called Topheth, became firmly established in the time of King Manasseh, his son Amon, and at the beginning of Josiah's reign. He could, and did, withhold the rain from one city and lavish it on another (Amos 4:7). A prophet's life is not a happy situation. Our nation has embraced the old ancient paganism that we read about in the Bible. Jesus says, "They are blind leaders of the blind. The events leading up to the Day of the Lord will be unmistakable to those with eyes to see. Now that He has announced Israel's imminent calamity, God begins to show how His punishment would alter the lives of the people. Revelation 2:14 "THE DOCTRINES OF . Baal was the title of the "god" worshiped in ancient Canaan and Phoenicia. Jun 2. . They too had blended the worship of the true God with outright paganism, utterly corrupting the relationship He had established with them. Today, music performers entice young and old in the practice of the worship of Baal-Peor Israel's false religion, represented by the altars of Bethel, is at the root of her problems. It may be, however, that these extra Baalim are Baal's attendants, mentioned as the seven or eight lads whom Baal is ordered to take with him in his descent into the netherworld. Ahab accommodated his wife's idolatry to the point of building a . They become "settled on their lees," as it says in Zephaniah 1:12. Many of the practices mentioned were most probable common to the worship of all the Baals; a few others are certainly specific. One of the rooms in this temple had a bench, where offerings would have been placed, and an altar made of . Baal, of course, could not talk to them, but if he could, he would probably have said basically the same thing, so the people were in a very uncomfortable situation. The prophet comes along and troubles people by awakening them to their sins, making them feel guilty about their relationships with God and each other. In the Bible, Jezebel is notorious for persecuting the worship of Yahweh and for demanding that the Israelites worship Baal. Baal's house was constructed in an extraordinary fashion. Since their rejection of the house of David under Jeroboam I, the Israelites had practiced a syncretistic religion (Amos 5:21-26; 8:14; I Kings 12:25-33). 7:1416). John W. Ritenbaugh The most prominent idol that they worshiped was Baal. All this was part of his fertility role, which, when fulfilled, meant an abundance of crops and fertility for animals and mankind. In the Hebrew Bible, Moloch is presented as a foreign deity who was at times illegitimately given a place in Israel's worship as a result of the syncretistic policies of certain apostate kings. Another idea is that it pictures a person shifting his weight from one foot to the other, indicating a degree of lameness. Learn about the Canaanite-Phoenician deities who were called Baal, which means Lord. The Israelites "caused their sons and daughters to pass through the fire, practiced witchcraft and soothsaying, and sold themselves to do evil in the sight of the LORD, to provoke Him to anger" (verse 17). Nevertheless, he was still faithful, and he did his job. Smith, The Ugaritic Baal Cycle (1994). Even now some ancient Jews (white and black) live in Cochin, Kerala, India. ), from an original Baal-Zebul, which is preserved in this form in the New Testament (Matt. In the El-Amarna letters Canaanite clients addressed the Egyptian king as "My Baal, my Addu." Ritual prostitution only served to erode the family, eventually leading to the destruction of the nation. Now the king of Assyria went throughout all the land, and went up to Samaria and besieged it for three years. They were straddling the fence in a precarious state of imbalance, attempting to combine the worship of God with the more popular worship of Baal and Asherah. Baal's sister-consort Anath demanded that Mot release her brother. Why Did Pharaoh Tell Joseph to Enjoy the 'Fat of the Land'? The myth may refer in part to the construction of Baals own temple in the city of Ugarit. Baal was the title of the "god" worshiped in ancient Canaan and Phoenicia. The handle displays an impression of a ship with the leonine dragon Uumgal, the storm god Adads attendant, next to it. The prophet Haggai attributed the drought and scarcity in his day to the failure to rebuild the Temple (Hag. But God has a different perspective; He says they are wretched, miserable, poor, blind, and naked (Revelation 3:17). The eschatological traits were taken over with the Canaanite myths. The Septuagint (LXX) rendered Joshua, the son of Nun, in Greek as Iesous; the same was used for Christs name in the NT. In daily life, they conformed to and reflected the Babylonish system just as Israel does today. The Jews of Christ's day clearly recognized this putrid blend and despised the Samaritans for it. In some cases, they attempted to attach this practice to worship of the Lord (Ezek 23:39). In many cases, when the king or the nation had wandered from the way, the prophets were sent to correct them (e.g., II Samuel 12:1-15; I Kings 18:17-19; II Kings 21:10-15). A biblical pharaoh's border monument. They joined themselves also unto Baalpeor, And ate the sacrifices of the dead. In other words, prosperity turns people's heads. Scholars previously associated the theonym with solar cults and with a variety of unrelated patron deities, but inscriptions have . It is related that on one occasion a strange ruler came to the place where Peor was worshiped, to sacrifice to him; but when he heard of this silly practise, he caused his soldiers to attack and kill the worshipers of the god (Sifre, Num. His overall conduct may not be too bad, but his poor self-analysis persuades him that he has no urgent need to seek God any further. Ashtaroth is mentioned 12 times in the Old Testament. Further, they "followed idols, became idolaters, and . They were Canaanites and shared numerous similarities, including many of the same gods, with their close neighbors in the southern Levantwho were also predominantly Canaanite. Baal is also referred to about 12 times as "the Rider of the Clouds" which undoubtedly testifies to his control over the rain and storms. Updates? Thus, according to Sakkunyaton, Baal's natural father was Ouranos and Dagn became his foster-father, while El-Kronos effected the transfer. The Aztec people used two calendars. The prize of the victory was kingship over the gods and the enthronement ritual guaranteed the natural order of life and the welfare of the society. When religion is ungodly, its power is destructive, and every institution in the nation suffers. 27:1, 30:7, 51:910; Ezek. I would also challenge the suggestion in the text of the article that the location of Lots cave is known. And the statutes, the ordinances, the law, and the commandment which He wrote for you, you shall be careful to observe forever; you shall not fear other gods.

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